"... as many seemingly weird concepts as cosmology (the big bang itself ..." What bothers me about the concept of the big bang is the question: Where did the first Planck time interval come from? I don't like answers based on a bizarre quantum vacuum fluctuation — but this might be ignorance on my part. Einstein objected to quantum incompleteness and quantum semi-causality. I like Fredkin's ideas of "hidden determinism" with an "alternate-universe engine". Fredkin seems never to really gone beyond the philosophical stage. What simple new physical ideas might be the basis for the work of Fredkin and Wolfram? What are the most powerful criticisms of the 3 following ideas? (A) The maximum physical wavelength is the Planck length multiplied by the Fredkin-Wolfram constant. (B) For a physical change in energy-density, ∆(volume) X ∆(energy-density) is an integral multiple of the minimum positive energy. (C) For a physical change in power, ∆(time) X ∆(power) is an integral multiple of the minimum positive energy. The experimentalist might object that A, B, C are not testable. If A, B, C are true then paradigm-breaking photons might explain the GZK paradox — if not, then some other dramatic physical manifestation might occur. Is this thinking totally on the wrong track?